Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

施氮量和采收时期对油蔬两用型油菜菜薹维生素合成的影响

为明确施氮量和采收时期对油蔬两用型油菜薹维生素含量的影响,以富硒1号为材料,采用裂区试验设计,设置3个施氮量(120、180和240 kg·hm^-2)和4个采收时期(以株高20、30、40和50 cm表示),分析了油菜薹维生素C、维生素E、维生素B₁和维生素B₆含量的变化;比较了半乳糖内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性,并分析了维生素家族基因在菜薹中的表达量。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,油菜薹还原型维生素C(AsA)含量降低;氧化型维生素C(DHA)含量在株高20 cm采收时增加,但在30 cm及以上株高采收时则降低;维生素E和维生素B₆含量先增加后降低;维生素B₁含量增加;维生素C合成关键酶GalLDH活性先略增加后降低;AAO和DHAR活性增加,APX和MDHAR活性则整体表现为先增加后降低。且施氮量增加后,维生素家族各基因在株高30和40 cm采收的菜薹中主要表现为正向调控,而在株高20和50 cm采收的菜薹中主要表现为负向调控。就采收时期而言,菜薹中的维生素含量在株高30~40 cm时高于其他时期;在同一施氮量下,随着菜薹采收株高的增加,维生素家族基因的表达量主要呈上调模式。综合分析可知,GalLDH活性的降低以及AAO/DHAR和APX/MDHAR代谢平衡是增施氮肥导致菜薹维生素C含量降低的重要原因。本研究结果为油蔬两用型油菜薹优质栽培技术提供了理论依据。     

茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生理生化的化感效应

为研究茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长与生理生化的化感效应,以模拟自然条件下雨雾淋溶方式,采用不同浓度的茶树凋落叶浸提液(CK:0 mg·mL^-1、T1:6.25 mg·mL^-1、T2:12.5 mg·mL^-1、T3:25 mg·mL^-1 和T4:50 mg·mL^-1)处理菘蓝,测定其生长、抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达量、细胞膜损伤率以及丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、渗透调节物质和次生代谢物含量的变化。结果表明,茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长表现出“低促高抑”的浓度效应,与CK相比,T1对菘蓝生长具有一定的促进作用,而浸提液浓度超过菘蓝的耐受阈值时,会对其生长产生不利的影响。随着浸提液浓度的升高,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,而脯氨酸含量则持续增加。与CK相比,T1的MDA含量、细胞膜损伤率和H₂O含量差异不显著,而T3、T4则显著升高。茶树凋落叶浸提液对抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达有不同的影响,T1的过氧化物酶(POD)与抗坏血酸氧化物酶(APX)活性最高,T2的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高,而T3、T4的4种抗氧化酶活性均显著低于CK。T1的Pod、Cat、Apx基因表达量最高,而T4则抑制了抗氧化酶基因的表达。此外,POD活性与其基因表达量呈显著正相关,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT和APX活性与其基因表达量的相关性不显著。不同浓度的茶树凋落叶浸提液对于菘蓝次生代谢物质积累的影响存在显著差异,低浓度茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长、靛蓝和靛玉红含量积累有促进作用,而高浓度茶树凋落叶浸提液对总黄酮含量积累有一定的促进作用。本研究结果可为幼龄茶园中茶树-菘蓝复合种植提供理论参考。     

施氮量对油后直播棉花产量、品质及生物量的影响

为研究施氮量对油后直播棉花生物量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系,于2016-2017年在湖南常德设置了施氮量分别为0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm^-2氮肥水平试验。结果表明,在施氮量为0~360 kg·hm^-2范围内,施氮量越大棉株营养器官生物量累积越多,而棉株生殖器官生物量则在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时累积最多;皮棉产量、成铃数和单铃重均在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时达到最大;0~270 kg·hm^-2范围内,衣分随施氮量增加而增加。在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2条件下,纤维长度和断裂比强度最高;适宜施氮量有利于纤维长度、断裂比强度的提高和马克隆值的优化,对伸长率和整齐度基本无影响。综上所述,适宜施氮量可提高棉花的产量、品质,洞庭湖棉区适宜的施氮量为180~250 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果为环洞庭湖棉区的氮肥合理运筹提供了技术参考。     

基于15N示踪技术的干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素利用分析

为研究水氮调控对干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素吸收利用的影响,以新疆鲜食葡萄弗雷为试验材料,利用¹⁵N 示踪技术,设置2种灌水处理(灌水量为4 950、5 400 m³·hm^-2,分别记作W1、W2),3种施氮处理(施氮量为177、235、292 kg·hm^-2,分别记作F1、F2、F3)进行大田试验。结果表明,各处理土壤全氮含量和¹⁵N丰度差异极显著(P<0.01),并且在0~20 cm土层出现富集现象。各器官征调氮素能力随水氮投入加大极显著增强(P<0.01)。根系、茎秆、叶片器官的生物量随着吸氮量的增加极显著提高(P<0.01),而较高施氮量(F3)不利于果实器官生物量的积累。果树吸收的肥料氮量随水氮投入的加大逐渐增加,受水氮调控影响极显著(P<0.01),果树吸收的土壤氮量大于肥料氮量。W2F1的¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率和¹⁵N标记氮肥偏生产力最高,分别为38.36%和114.20 kg·kg^-1,W2F2的产量最高,为20 253 kg·hm^-2,但与W2F1差异不显著。表明水氮投入过多会引起茎秆和叶片器官徒长且不利于提高¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率。综上所述,灌水量5 400 m³·hm^-2、施氮量177 kg·hm^-2(W2F1)是兼顾经济效益与生态效应的可行水氮运筹模式。本研究结果为干旱区滴灌葡萄高产高效种植提供了参考。     

Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量对河套灌区夏玉米氮利用及产量影响

为探究夏玉米氮素转运利用规律、产量及土壤NO3－-N含量分布对秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量的响应，在河套灌区开展2a不同秸秆覆盖方式（秸秆表覆B处理、秸秆深埋S处理）和不同施氮水平（不施氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3）的田间试验，以传统耕作模式为对照（CK处理）。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层，各处理NO3－-N含量随施氮量增加而增大，成熟期B和CK处理随土层加深呈先减后增趋势，而S处理呈先增后减趋势；B处理提高0～20 cm土层NO3－-N含量，而S处理提高20～40 cm土层NO3－-N含量（P<0.05）；秸秆覆盖可减少0～100 cm土层NO3－-N累积损失量，且显著提高氮肥利用率及夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率，SN2处理效果较佳。相比CK处理，成熟期的SN2处理2 a平均NO3－-N累积损失量降低39.6%，氮肥利用率较提高28.5%，夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率提高32.1%，增产9.3%。综合分析，秸秆深埋配施中氮效果较佳，可实现河套灌区夏玉米提效增产的目标，并减少深层土壤NO3－-N累积损失量，为优化河套灌区夏玉米耕作施氮模式和缓解农业面源污染提供参考。     

栖霞市苹果园氮磷养分平衡及环境风险评价

栖霞市是中国最主要的苹果产区之一,近年来果园单位面积养分的大量投入造成了区域氮、磷元素的过量富集,进而对当地的土壤、水资源、大气等环境要素造成一定的污染。因此,了解苹果主产区施肥现状,并科学评价其环境风险具有重要的现实意义。以栖霞市为研究区域,通过实地调研、田间试验、室内模拟等方法,分析了苹果园氮磷养分的输入量及输出量,进而构建养分平衡模型,对区域环境风险进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)2018年栖霞市苹果园养分投入量为:有机质5360.28 kg/hm^2,N 545 kg/hm^2,P2O5568.76 kg/hm^2,K2O 712.57 kg/hm^2;2)氮素的气态损失、果实及枝条带走量各占输入总量的6.49%、24.34%、3.12%,盈余率达66.04%(402.97 kg/hm^2);磷素被果实和枝条带走量分别占输入总量的12.33%和2.55%,盈余率达85.12%(484.75 kg/hm^2);栖霞市氮、磷盈余量均超出环境安全的阈值,分别属于中风险和高风险范围。因此,在保证果园产量与品质的前提下,适当减少化肥使用量、逐步建立水肥一体化的果园施肥模式、提升果农科学的管理经验,应成为果园可持续发展的主攻方向。     

长期绿肥与氮肥减量配施对水稻产量和土壤养分含量的影响

为探明湘南双季稻区绿肥还田下的氮肥适宜施用量,设计了始于2008年冬季开展的长期田间定位试验(2009-2017),研究绿肥与氮肥减量配施对双季稻的产量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力以及2017年稻田耕层土壤养分含量的影响。共设计6个施肥处理:不施氮肥空白对照、仅紫云英、习惯施肥、紫云英与100%无机氮配施、紫云英与80%无机氮配施、紫云英与60%无机氮配施。结果表明:与习惯施氮量相比,绿肥结合习惯施肥以及绿肥与化肥氮减量20%~40%配施均能保持甚至提高2009-2017年稻谷周年产量,显著提高早、晚稻氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率。绿肥与化肥氮减40%时,产量变异系数最低和产量可持续指数最高。试验9 a后,与2008年相比,稻田土壤有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势。与习惯施肥相比,绿肥与化肥氮减量20%~40%能维持土壤磷素与钾素的供给。综合考虑,紫云英还田下,化肥氮减施40%仍能获得高产稳产,且氮肥利用率最高,产量稳定性最好,并可缓慢提高土壤肥力,是湘南双季稻种植区较好的施肥模式。